Ammonia synthesis: the greatest innovation of the 20th century. An exceptional compound with two sides. By Enrique Sacristán. agenciasinc.es. August 01,  2018.In addition to being a well-known cleaning product, ammonia is essential in the manufacture of fertilizers that, equally, are necessary to produce food for livestock and mankind. The chemical process to synthesize this nitrogenous compound has hardly changed in 100 years and is still essential for our society, although scientists do not know how to mitigate its negative consequences on the environment.

Adaptation of the innovation steps involved in ammonia synthesis. / Credit: A. Barona et al./ Sci. Eng. Ethics (Photos from the Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin)" style="" />Adaptation of the innovation steps involved in ammonia synthesis. / Credit: A. Barona et al./ Sci. Eng. Ethics (Photos from the Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin)When, during the summer of 1909, the German chemist Fritz Haber achieved the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen –the most abundant gas in the atmosphere– and hydrogen, little could he foresee the enormous significance of his innovation. Years later, his countryman Carl Bosch was able to produce this substance at industrial scale by using catalysts and high pressure reactors.
Haber and Bosch, who were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research, gave their names to the ammonia production process that has not stopped being used since then. In fact, the Haber-Bosch process is the most significant innovation of the 20th century.
This is reported in the study that researchers from the University of the Basque Country have published in the journal Science and Engineering Ethics, where they present an historical review and detail the three activities involved in any innovation process when applied to the synthesis of ammonia: acquisition and/or generation of knowledge, industrial production and marketing.
"When the First World War ended, ammonia emerged as an irreplaceable chemical for the production of fertilizers at large scale, which contributed decisively to the increase of food production and   world population; and, even nowadays, we still  depend on this process," Astrid Barona, one of the authors, points out.
A great paradox
But despite its importance, the massive use of nitrogen fertilizers involves a great paradox. On the one hand, they are essential for ensuring the large amount of food that we consume, as does livestock, and on the other hand, they have a negative impact on the environment.
The reason is that the efficient use of the nitrogen that is employed in the industrial synthesis of fertilizers is very poor, which means that the remaining  large amount contributes to the environmental pollution causing the eutrophication of the water,  loss of biodiversity and  negative alteration of the atmospheric balance.
"Although the Haber-Bosch process, that is high energy consuming, does not meet current sustainability requirements, there is no replacement alternative," Barona claims, "and the balance between human needs and natural resources is still pending ".
References:
Astrid Barona, Begoña Etxebarria, Aida Aleksanyan, Gorka Gallastegui, Naiara Rojo, Estibaliz Diaz-Tena. “A Unique Historical Case to Understand the Present Sustainable Development”. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24:261–274, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9891-5